![]() Long-distance signals can influence expression of genes, production of phytohormones, phloem mass flow, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and many other processes. Long-distance signals (including electrical, hydraulic, chemical, ROS and other signals), which quickly propagate from irritated zone to other parts of the plant body, can be important linkers between the local action of stressors and induction of the systemic response. induction of a systemic adaptation response. ![]() In contrast, adaptation to these stressors requires fast coordinated changes in physiological processes, i.e. ![]() Action of many stressors on a plant organism (excessive light, high and low temperatures, drought, mechanical wounding, insect attacks, etc.) can be spatially heterogeneous. ![]()
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